These two abbreviations are often used but easily confused:
e.g. means “for example” (Latin exempli gratia).
i.e. means “in other words” or “that is” (Latin id est).
Grammar Monster, Grammar Girl and Dr. Grammar have great examples of using the two correctly.
Concise, clear writing is one of the journalist’s best assets. No matter which platform you’re feeding — print, web, mobile or a technology to be named later — good writing separates the amateurs from the pros.
Here are seven ways to improve your word skills. And if these whet your appetite for more, try Roy Peter Clark’s excellent Writing Tools: 50 Essential Strategies for Every Writer or William Strunk Jr. and E.B. White’s classic The Elements of Style. Also helpful are the sections on writing mechanics and grammar from the Purdue Online Writing Lab.
1. Put commas in their place.
You can solve half of the world’s comma problems by remembering this rule:
Add a comma between two independent clauses linked by a coordinating conjunction — and, or, nor, but, yet, for. An independent clause has a subject and a verb. Don’t throw a comma before a coordinating conjunction unless what follows is an independent clause.
Right:
The thief stole a television and a laptop, but he left behind a bag with $1,000.Wrong:
The thief stole a television and laptop, but left behind a bag with $1,000.
2. Conquer its/it’s confusion.
Not knowing the difference between its and it’s says “amateur” the way Chuck E. Cheese says “stimulation overload.”
For the record:
Its = possessive; “belongs to it”
It’s = “it is”
Right:
The team lost its game by one goal.Right:
It's a beautiful day in the neighborhood.
3. Keep sentences short.
You’re not writing the great American novel. You’re conveying information to readers. Stick to one or two thoughts per sentence. If you have more than two commas in a sentence, try to split it.
Cringe-worthy:
The Burkett County legislature voted Monday to add six new police officers to the county force, adding staff at a time when the county budget is already 5 percent ahead of last year's spending, a level that some activists say will add to a deficit, which at $250 million is already on pace to bankrupt the county by 2012.Better:
The Burkett County legislature voted Monday to add six new police officers to the county force. The move adds staff while the county budget is already 5 percent ahead of last year's. The level, some activists say, will add to a $250 million deficit that's already on pace to bankrupt the county by 2012.
4. Be active.
Active-verb construction — sentences in subject-verb-object order — carries more punch. Although it’s not imperative to write every sentence that way, avoiding passive sentence construction adds punch to your prose.
Limp:
The mayor was struck by the protester's sign.Stronger:
A protester's sign hit the mayor.
Notice, also, the substitution of “hit” for “struck.” “Struck” is a word often found in police press releases; others are “perpetrator,” “brandished” and “apprehended.” You don’t use those in conversation. You say “man,” “waved” and “caught.” Write the way you speak — you’ll sound less phony.
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Always mind what you say — you never know who’s in your audience.
Back in the mid-’90s, I taught creative writing at Vassar College for the Summer Institute for the Gifted. The students were precocious middle schoolers whose parents had dropped a bundle for a couple weeks of learning. My job was to impart my love of metaphor, description and iambic pentameter — all of which, as an English major, I truly adore.
One afternoon, I launched into a soliloquy about plot, explaining that every protagonist has to overcome an obstacle. The obstacle creates tension, driving the story to its end.
Needing an illustration, I used Apollo 13, which had just played in theaters. On the blackboard, I drew an Earth and Moon and small spaceship with flames and explained the obstacle of the crew’s dwindling oxygen. The kids really connected, interjecting ideas and answering my questions.
After the class filed out, a camp assistant who’d sat in came up front.
“That was great,” she said. “Did you see Bryce giggling while you were talking about Apollo 13?”
Bryce was a red-haired girl with piercing eyes, sort of a female Opie if you remember The Andy Griffith Show. That should have been a clue.
“No,” I said. “Why would she find it funny?”
“Well,” the RA said, “her dad directed that movie — you know, Ron Howard.”
Ah, yes. I connected her name in my head: Bryce Howard. If you’re a film fan, you know her today by her stage name, Bryce Dallas Howard.
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